MONA ISLAND
MARINE PROTECTED AREA
PUERTO RICO
| REEFKEEPER GOAL: | To establish a marine protected area around Mona and Monito Islands, off southwest Puerto Rico. |
| WHY: | To protect the Island's pristine coral reefs from future development and from present anchor and overfishing damage. |
|
How to Help |
TO SUPPORT REEFKEEPER'S POSITION:
| CONTACT: | Pedro A. Gelabert, Secretary |
| AGENCY: | Department of Natural and Environmental Resources |
| ADDRESS: | P.O. Box 5887 San Juan, PR 00906 |
| FAX: | |
| E-MAIL: |
MONA AND MONITO ISLANDS
MARINE PROTECTED AREA
SITE NOMINATION PUERTO RICO
ABSTRACT
Mona and Monito Islands are considered the Galápagos
Islands of the Caribbean Sea. They are accessible only by boat.
No other reef and offshore island habitat within U.S. jurisdiction
possesses such invaluable habitat and biological diversity within
such a reduced surface area. Their isolation from Puerto Rico
and the Dominican Republic accounts for many unique biological
interactions and endemic species within adjacent marine waters.
Mona and Monito Islands have been recognized by the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico as a Natural Reserve for their ecological uniqueness,
large biodiversity, including dozens of endemic species, and invaluable
beauty. The site is also the critical habitat of endangered marine
turtles, seabirds and occasional migratory marine mammals. Both
islands are frequented by local commercial and recreational fishermen,
divers and tourists. Mona supports extensive, well-developed coral
reef spoor and groove systems, patch reefs, fringing reefs, drop-off
communities, deep vertical walls, complex underwater caverns and
rocky outcrops. Monito's bottom is characterized by vertical walls
and deep rocky outcrops covered mainly by sponges and deepwater
corals. Mona also has exuberant white sandy beaches and several
shipwrecks which provide incentive for tourists and therefore
make an important contribution to the regional economy. However,
the coral reefs surrounding these islands are undergoing rapid
degradation possibly due to overfishing, bioerosion, anchoring
and ship grounding. In addition, there is recent increased interest
in developing tourist facilities on Mona Island, which would significantly
increase pressure on the pristine nature of the site's marine
environment. There is at present no integrated management regime
in place to protect the unique marine resources of the site. Therefore,
ReefKeeper International is requesting the designation of Mona
and Monito Islands as a Commonwealth Marine Protected Area for
its protection and conservation.
Prepared by Edwin A. Hernandez-Delgado, M.S.
Nominated by ReefKeeper International Castillo
del Mar -- Suite 1271 Isla Verde, Puerto Rico 00913 December 1,
1996
SITE LOCATION,
NAME AND DESCRIPTION
Site Name
Mona and Monito Islands, Puerto Rico
Location
Mona Passage, between Puerto Rico and the island of Santo Domingo. Latitude/Longitude: The area is located in a quadrangle within:
1. 18o10' N
2. 18o02'30"N
3. 67o57'30"W
4. 67o50' W
Mona and Monito are located within a faulting zone located
at the Mona Passage halfway between the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico and the Dominican Republic. Mona is located over a 60.5 km2
(37.6 miles2) marine limestone platform which rises from depths
of about 5,000 m (16,400 feet) on its southern face in the Caribbean
Sea, and from about 458 m (1,500 feet) on the other sides. The
two islands are separated by a narrow 220 m deep (720 feet) channel.
Mona and Monito Islands are accessible only by boat.
Description
Mona and Monito islands are 73.6 km (46 miles) off western Puerto Rico and 65 km (40 miles) off the eastern Dominican Republic (Cardona-Bonet, 1985a) (Figure 1). Mona's insular shelf, as defined by the 100-fathom (183 m or 600 feet) contour, covers only 5.6 km2 (3.5 miles2) or 9% of the total platform surface. Mona and Monito rise at the top of an underwater ridge which separates the Caribbean basin from the Atlantic Ocean. According to Cardona-Bonet (1985a), waters around the islands average between 366 and 1,159 m deep (1,200-3,800 feet). As a matter of fact, the deepest area of the Atlantic lies in waters just 142 km (88 miles) north of Mona, and is 8052 m deep (26,410 feet).
Extensive, well-developed coral reef spoor and groove systems,
patch reefs, fringing reefs, drop-off communities, deep vertical
walls, complex underwater caverns and rocky outcrops occupy most
of the Mona Island insular shelf and attract many recreationists,
divers and fishermen. These visitors are also attracted by Mona's
white sandy beaches and shipwrecks. Monito's bottom is characterized
by vertical walls and deep rocky outcrops covered mainly by sponges
and deepwater corals.
Waters at the site are nearly pristine and crystal clear (Cintron
et al., 1975), with horizontal visibility sometimes exceeding
46 to 61 m (150 to 200 feet). Moderate to strong currents come
from the east, although there are some local fluctuations depending
on bottom topography, tides, waves and wind (Perl and Cintron,
1974).
Mona Island's reef communities represent the most pristine,
extensive and well-developed reefs in Puerto Rican waters. These
are unusual in the variety of their formations because they include
well-developed spoor and groove systems, drop-off communities,
vertical walls, and extensive underwater caverns -- all of which
supports an amazing biodiversity within a surface area of less
than 5.6 km2 (3.5 miles2).
The site is also the critical habitat of endangered marine
turtles, seabirds and occasional migratory marine mammals. No
other reef and offshore island habitat within U.S. jurisdiction
possess such invaluable habitat and biological diversity within
such a reduced surface area.
CURRENT STATUS
Mona and Monito Islands are a Natural Reserve under the Puerto
Rico Department of Natural Resources (DNR). However, management
measures only address upland natural resources. The existing regulatory
regime does not adequately protect Mona marine resources from
the increasing pressure of human activities.
RATIONALE FOR CONSIDERATION
AS A COMMONWEALTH MARINE PROTECTED AREA
A. The site's marine biodiversity is both unique to and the
largest of the region.
B. Mona and Monito isolation from Puerto Rico and the Dominican
Republic accounts for many unique biological interactions and
endemic species. They are considered the Galápagos Islands
of the Caribbean Sea.
C. The reefs are undergoing rapid degradation possibly due
to overfishing, bioerosion, anchoring and ship grounding.
D. Mona and Monito Islands are a discrete site conducive to
management.
E. Mona supports extensive and well-developed coral formations
surrounded by pristine marine waters.
F. Both islands possess extensive and well-developed drop-off
communities and vertical walls with many deepwater species occurring
within safe diving limits.
G. Several endangered marine turtles make use of the sandy
beaches, reefs and surrounding areas. Migratory endangered marine
mammals can be frequently seen in Mona's surrounding waters.
H. The reefs provide incentive for tourist visits by boat and
therefore make an important contribution to the regional economy.
I. There is recent increased interest in developing tourist
facilities on Mona Island, which would significantly increase
pressure on the pristine nature of the site's marine environment.
J. Mona and Monito Islands have been recognized by the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico as a Natural Reserve.
K. Mona has been the focus of many research activities.
Site Uniqueness and Particular Ecosystem Values
Mona Island marine resources are characterized by a diverse
array of tropical marine ecosystems, including: patch reefs, fringing
reefs, spur and groove systems, underwater caverns, drop-off communities,
vertical walls, abundant black corals and deep water sponges,
hard bottoms, rocky outcrops, algal reefs, sandy beaches, shipwrecks
and a highly rich biodiversity.
Biodiversity and Species Richness and Uniqueness
Mona Island supports an amazing biodiversity which includes:
at least 23 scleractinian coral species (Cintrón et. al.,
1975), dozens of marine invertebrates (E. Ortiz, 1973; Hernández-Delgado,
1993), dozens of marine algae (A. Ortiz, 1973), over 270 species
of marine fishes (Prentice, 1973), 417 plant species -- 8 endemics
of Mona and 27 of this region of the Caribbean, plus 78 rare or
endangered in Puerto Rico (Woodbury et al., 1974), 10 types of
vegetational associations (Rogers and Cintrón, 1974), about
20 endangered animals (DNR, 1975), 16 terrestrial mollusks --
including 4 endemics (Velez, 1970), nearly 100 marine mollusks
(Mestey, 1991), 51 spiders (Velez, 1971), at least 526 insects
-- including 24 endemics (Martorell, 1973), 13 reptiles and 1
endemic amphibian (Rivero, 1978; Wiewandt, 1973), nearly 97 bird
species -- with 2 endemics on Mona (Biaggi, 1983), and 9 terrestrial
mammals -- 4 of which are native (Wiewandt, 1973).
No other single reef habitat and offshore island within U.S.
jurisdiction possesses such invaluable habitat and biological
diversity within such a reduced surface area.
Biological Productivity
The large, well-developed and complex coral reefs and other
benthic communities are the outstanding marine biological feature
of this area. Mona is inhabited by scleractinian corals, octocorals,
precious corals, hydrozoans, sponges, spiny lobsters, octopuses,
queen conches, echinoderms, worms, shells, endangered marine turtles,
mammals, birds, and fishes. These latter include: sharks, rays,
barracudas, groupers, squirrelfishes, snappers, grunts, jacks,
goatfishes, angelfishes, damselfishes, wrasses, trunkfishes, filefishes,
butterflyfishes, parrotfishes, doctorfishes, dolphins, mackerels,
tuna, flyingfishes and others. This is one of the most productive
habitats in the region.
Species Maintenance
The many habitats of this site provide different biological
uses for many different species. This includes nesting and feeding
areas for endangered marine turtles, as well as feeding areas
for marine birds. These habitats also provide areas for feeding,
reproduction, shelter and juvenile development and growth for
many other species, including those of commercial consumptive
value.
Habitat Features and Uniqueness
Mona Island and Monito possess an exuberant and unique diversity
of underwater habitats which are briefly described below:
1. Spur and groove systems
These are characterized by a complex array of grooves through
the forereef and spurs rising from the sandy bottom which are
oriented parallel to prevalent strong currents and surge (Cintron
et al., 1975; Canals et al., 1981). Major spur and groove development
occur off Mona in the south, between Playa Pájaros and
Punta Caigo o No Caigo, and in the west between Cabo Barrio Nuevo
and Punta Oeste (Figure 2). These areas possess the most extensive
reef development, and are characterized by the highest underwater
biological diversity, and highest coral and sponge cover. Coral
cover ranges from 6 to 80% (Canals et al., 1981). These areas
also support the largest diversity of reef fishes. Their aesthetic
and recreational value is unmeasurable. The near absence of an
insular shelf at Monito prevents major reef development.
2. Fringing and patch reefs
Extensive development of shallow fringing, patch and rock reefs
occurs on Mona from Uvero, in the south coast, to Sardinera in
the west. These reefs are characterized by relatively sparse coral
growth, brown algae, sponges and a variety of other epibenthic
fauna. Coral cover rarely exceeds 30% at Uvero and 10% at Sardinera
(Canals et al., 1981), although Hernández-Delgado (1993)
reported an average coral cover of 29% at a small patch reef just
north of Sardinera. This area is a very important nursery area
for the growth, feeding and shelter of many juvenile reef fishes
and invertebrates. Turbidity is slightly higher due to strong
surge. This area is not adequate for most recreational purposes
because of prevalent conditions and inaccessibility from both
camping areas and from water. However, the sponges within this
habitat area are very important food resources for the endangered
green turtle Eretmochelys imbricata, which is almost exclusively
spongivorous. The shorelines of these areas are also used as nesting
sites by E. imbricata and the leatherback turtle Dermochelys
coriacea (Hernandez-Guzman, in press).
3. Carabinero drop-off
The Carabinero drop-off is located in the southern coast of
Mona Island (Figure 2) and rivals the drop-offs of La Parguera
(southwestern Puerto Rico) and other locations in the Caribbean.
It is characterized by a 180 m (590 feet) wide and less than 10
m deep (33 feet) insular platform. The insular shelf drops off
at about this depth. At 15 m (49 feet) there is a 5 m (16 feet)
wide underwater terrace which represents an ancient sea level
terrace. Similar terraces can be observed at 38 and 40 m (124
and 131 feet). Then the shelf drops off to 76 m (250 feet) where
there is another narrow terrace. It drops off further to depths
of 800 m (more than 2,700 feet). The Carabinero drop-off boasts
about 23 scleractinian coral species, an anthipatarian (black
coral) forest and large sponge diversity (Cintrón et al.,
1975). According to Canals et al. ( 1981), live coral cover at
10 m (33 feet) averages 18%, and only 7.4% at 20 m (66 feet) at
the drop-off. There, macroalgae and sponges become abundant, with
21% and 24% cover, respectively. Octocorals, reef fishes and marine
invertebrates are also abundant. This is perhaps the most frequented
fishing ground off Mona, particularly by hook-and-liners and ocassional
spearfishers. It is aesthetically invaluable for experienced divers.
It is believed that Monito is also characterized by nearly similar
drop off communities as Mona although there is no published data.
4. Las Carmelitas underwater cavern system
Las Carmelitas is a complex submerged cavern system located
at the north of Playa Sardinera, western Mona Island, lying within
the western spoor and groove reef system (Figure 3). Its origin
seems to be the result of the collapse of large limestone blocks
from ancient cliffs or reef rocks (Cintrón et al., 1975).
It averages depths shallower than 6 m (20 feet). Then it drops
seaward to about 18 m (60 feet). Coral cover ranges from 12% to
37%. The giant basket sponge Xestospongia muta becomes
abundant near the drop-off at 30 m (98 feet). This is one of the
most amazing and unique Puerto Rican underwater resources. It
also provdies shelter for a myriad of reef fishes and cryptic
creatures. However, marine currents can become occasionally dangerous
and strong, particularly during winter months. This is the second
most important fishing ground and diving spot off Mona.
5. Deep vertical walls
Mona possesses 30.8 km (19.1 miles) of shoreline, but 17.6
km (10.9 miles) of them, or 57.2%, are vertical cliffs. These
are located in the south, east, north and northwest coasts of
the island. Most of these cliffs plunge vertically to an average
of 30 m (98 feet) down to the sandy bottom (Hendrick, 1973). The
northern vertical walls are characterized also by the presence
of collapsed enormous limestone blocks which support well-developed
brown algal forests and sparse scleractinian coral, octocoral,
black coral, hydroid and sponge growth (Cintrón et al.,
1975). These habitats are commonly frequented by the endangered
sea turtle E. imbricata (Kontos, 1986). Sharks can be commonly
seen from the top of the cliffs. Large commercially important
fishes (e.g. snappers, groupers, jacks) are also common at these
sites (Hendrick, 1973). Water transparency can reach more than
46-61 m (150-200 feet). These deep vertical walls have not been
recreationally exploited because strong, treacherous open water
currents, bottom depth and lack of safe anchoring areas discourage
recreational diving and fishing. However, hook-and-line fishing
is common. These ecosystems are unique within Puerto Rican and
U.S. waters. Monito Island is completely surrounded by vertical
cliffs which plunge vertically into deep waters. They must also
support deep wall communities similar to those at Mona.
6. Algal reefs
Mona Island also supports outstanding and well developed algal-dominated
reefs located just south-southwest of Punta Arenas, in the southwest
coast. The rocky bottom is frequently smothered by sediments moved
by strong and unpredictable currents, which prevents major coral
growth. The bottom is covered mainly by brown algae (e.g. Sargassum
spp., Turbinaria spp.). These are very important grounds
for juveniles organisms and grazers. Recreational use is non-existent
due to the unpredictable currents and strong surge regime.
7. Rocky shores and hardbottoms.
Rocky shores, outcrops and hardbottoms are among the most common
type of bottom habitats at Mona. They support sparse populations
of corals, sponges, algae and many epibenthic invertebrates. These
habitats are also very important grounds for the development and
growth of juvenile individuals of many important species.
8. Pelagic waters.
Pelagic waters surrounding Mona and Monito support frequent
heavy international ship traffic, which is responsible for the
presence of occasional oil tars. Nevertheless, these waters are
frequented by endangered marine turtles (Erdman, 1973). In addition,
migratory marine mammals can be commonly seen in the Mona Passage.
According to Philibosian and Yntema (1977), at least five marine
mammal species frequent these waters. These are the big whale
Zyphiuscavirostris, whale Physeter catodon, humpback whale
Megapteranovaeangliae, dolphin Globicephala macrorhyncha and
saddleback dolphin Delphinus delphis. Mona's pelagic
waters are also home to several commercially important pelagic
fishes such as dolphins, tuna, mackerels, marlins, sharks, etc.
Historical and Cultural Resources
Mona possesses valuable underwater archeological resources.
According to Cerame Vivas (1976), there are about 11 known shipwrecks
around the island. These include some Hispanic galleons. However,
most shipwrecks have been poorly documented (Cardona-Bonet, 1985b).
In past centuries, Mona Island was the home of "Taino"
indians and earlier cultures. Later, it was used as a base for
smuggling and pirate attacks in the Caribean region. During the
last century and until recent decades, Mona supported "Guano"
mining activities and a small resident population. There are many
historical sites in Mona's coastal plains and cave systems (e.g.
archeological sites and objects, petroglyphs). Mona was also the
target of U.S. Navy military activities and bombing, as well as
target of a German submarine attack during the Second World War.
HUMAN USES AND IMPACTS
Fishery Resources and Overfishing
Mona and Monito Islands support a significant portion of the
western Puerto Rico artisanal fisheries, particularly for snappers,
groupers and lobsters. Most of the fishery comes from hook-and-lining
of both reef and pelagic fishes. However, fishtrapping is commonly
employed around south-southwestern Monito. Extensive spearfishing
is common at shallow and moderately deep reefs around Mona.
Mona and Monito are heavily overfished by both Puerto Rican and Dominican fishermen. The latter is an illegal practice, since the Dominicans are fishing within Federal and Puerto Rican State waters. Endangered marine turtles are also commonly fished illegally around Mona and Monito. However, at present there is no on-site law enforcement personnel to enforce existing regulations.
A recent evaluation of marine resources at Sardinera, western
Mona, made by Hernandez-Delgado (1993), identified 63 reef fish
species. The most common and abundant groups were herbivore fishes
such as surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) and black durgons Melichthys
niger. Parrotfishes (Scaridae) were also common. However,
there were basically no significant predator species. No groupers
(Serranidae) and adult snappers (Lutjanidae) were seen although
these groups were fairly common at this locality about 10 years
ago (Hernandez-Delgado, personal observations). These highly prized
predator groups are now restricted to deeper waters near the insular
shelf drop-off. This may be the result of overfishing.
According to Hernandez-Delgado (1993), densities of the corallivorous
molluscan gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata appear to
have increased at Sardinera. The densities and feeding activity
of this snail upon Acropora spp. (elkhorn and staghorn)
corals could increase as a result of decreased mollusc predation
in the reef areas (Brawley and Adey, 1982). This situation may
be the indirect result of snapper-grouper overfishing, since it
coincides with a low number of predators in reef areas. In addition,
most of the dead coral heads and the bases of many live corals
(e.g. Acroporapalmata, Diploria spp. and Siderastreasiderea)
are being overgrown by the boring sponge Cliona spp. and by
the demosponge Chondrilla nucula. According to Hernandez-Delgado
(1993), sponge cover in a small fringing reef at Sardinera ranged
between 20 and 90%, with an average cover of 63%. Crustose and
filamentous algal cover ranged from 5 and 90%, averaging 36%.
Recreational Resources and Associated Impacts
Mona and Monito have high aesthetic value and are highly prized
for recreational diving. They are accessible only by boat. Snorkeling,
SCUBA diving, underwater photography, fishing (including spearfishing),
and occasional pleasure boating are common in the area.
There are no mooring buoy systems at Mona or Monito. All types
of vessels anchor directly over reef or seagrass bottoms, causing
in many instances irreversible damage to bottom communities.
During the 1980's, two large vessels -- the "Alborada"
(1980) and the "A Regina" (1985) -- ran aground at Playa
Pájaros on Mona. There is no significant information about
the ecological consequences of the Alborada grounding. However,
waters around the shipwreck -- which is stii there -- are usually
murky and live coral cover has decreased almost to 0%. The ecological
impacts of the "A Regina" accident have been well documented
by Bohnsack and Harper (1985), and by Cintrón et. al. (1987).
These impacts included a shift in reef fish community composition,
reductions in water transparency and coral cover, direct destruction
of corals, and coral smothering by sedimentation.
Military Use Impacts
The area was formerly used as a military ordnance testing ground.
There are no military uses at present.
Mineral Resources and Ocean Mining
From the 1800's to mid 1900's, Mona Island supported "guano"
mining activities. Several historical sites remain almost intact
on the island. No mineral extraction has occurred in decades.
Island Development and Associated Marine Impacts
There has been recent pressure to develop Mona for tourism,
which may be a threat to the pristine nature of the site. There
is already an unpaved airport on Mona, although at present it
is closed to the public. There are plans to establish an expanded,
paved runway. Other possible projects may include the construction
of small tourist villas, a dock, a road, and possibly sewage treatment
facilities. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico also has plans to
sell electricity in the near future to the Dominican Republic,
and the main underwater powerline is supposed to pass through
Mona Island.
PURPOSE AND NEED FOR DESIGNATION
While the marine habitats off Mona and Monito Islands have
so far withstood man-induced pressures, such success can not realistically
be expected in the future without deliberate protection. The existing
regulatory regime does not adequately protect the site's unique
marine resources from the increasing pressure of human activities.
A marine protected area management plan for Mona and Monito
Islands could address its protection from excessive human impacts
through:
1) regulations to prevent damage to resources and habitats,
e.g. coral damage due to anchoring, drilling, mining, fishing
gear, and live rock collection; archeo- logical resource loss
due to unregulated salvaging; and irreparable loss of biodiversity
and community stability due to extreme overfishing,
2) provision of the long-term planning and management necessary to protect the site's irreplaceable habitats and ecosystems, and
3) establishment of a resource assessment program to monitor
the health of the site's marine communities, research the site's
uniquely isolated biological communities, and provide information
needed for future management decisions.
There is no comprehensive program for the long-term protection, assessment and management of the unique Mona and Monito Islands marine ecosystem. Designation as a Commonwealth Marine Protected Area would provide the means to correct such deficiencies. The unique characteristics of these islands' marine habitats should of themselves warrant their designation as a Marine Protected Area. However, when one adds to this uniqueness the increased man-induced pressures possible from fishing, mining, drilling, anchoring and collection, the designation of these islands as Commonwealth Marine Protected Areas becomes imperative.
# # #
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